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Abstract Objectives Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignant tumor of nasopharyngeal mucosal epithelium in clinical practice. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the main treatment methods at present, but the therapeutic effect is still unsatisfactory. Studies have shown that exosomes and microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the development of cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of NPC derived exosomes on NPC and their molecular mechanisms. Methods Serum was collected from healthy subjects, Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infected patients and NPC patients (n = 9 group) and exosomes were extracted separately. High-throughput sequencing of exosomes was performed to screen differentially expressed miRNAs. The function of the screened miRNA was identified by treating NPC cells with exosomes. The target gene of miRNA was identified using the dual-luciferase assay. Real-Time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to determine the levels of miR-99a-5p and Bromodomain Adjacent Tozinc finger domain protein 2A (BAZ2A). Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, flow cytometry, and wound healing assay were utilized to detect cell viability, cell cycle and apoptosis, and migration ability. The protein levels were evaluated by Western blot. Results MiR-99a-5p was identified as the most significant differentially expressed miRNA in exosomes (p< 0.05). The proliferation and migration of NPC cells were extremely facilitated by exosomes, accompanied by the suppressed apoptosis, upregulated BAZ2A, Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 (MCP1), and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA), and downregulation of Interleukin (IL)-1β and Nuclear Transcription Factor-κB (NF-κB) (p< 0.05). BAZ2A was a target gene of miR-99a-5p. Furthermore, the regulatory effect of exosomes on the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis was significantly abolished by overexpression of miR-99a-5p or downregulation of BAZ2A (p< 0.05). Conclusion NPC derived exosomes facilitated the proliferation and migration of NPC through regulating the miR-99a-5p/BAZ2A axis.
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Pseudoexfoliative glaucoma(PEXG)is an eye disease that seriously endangers vision. It is more invasive than primary open-angle glaucoma(POAG), with more serious damage to the optic nerve, worse prognosis and higher resistance to treatment. Early diagnosis of PEXG can help to treat the disease in time and delay the progress of the disease, so it is important to determine appropriate biomarkers. In recent years, more and more people have begun to study the biomarkers of PEXG, hoping to understand the pathogenesis of the disease, find out the potential early diagnosis and treatment targets of PEXG, and provide some help to the disease through the research of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and lipomics markers. This article will review the progress of biomarkers of PEXG in recent years, some biomarkers may provide new ideas for early diagnosis of PEXG in the future.
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【Objective】 To analyze the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection data of blood donors from 18 domestic blood stations, so as to investigate the HBV infection situation of blood donors. 【Methods】 The positive rate of HBV and its distribution characteristics of regions, the percentage of HBsAg+ ELISA in first-time vs repeated blood donors, and the percentage of HBsAg-/HBV DNA+ blood donors of 18 domestic blood stations during 2017 to 2020 were collected from the Working Platform for Practice Comparison of Blood Centers, and the HBV infection among blood donors were statistically analyzed. 【Results】 From 2017 to 2020, the positive rate of HBV in blood donors among 18 domestic blood stations was 13.48/10 000-144.02/10 000, with the average HBV positive rate in eastern, central and western region at 26.14/10 000, 51.98/10 000 and 41.00/10 000, respectively. The HBsAg+ rate by ELISA among first-time and repeated blood donors was 14.55/10 000-305.39/10 000 vs 1.04/10 000-87.43/10 000 The HBsAg-/HBV DNA+ yield was 1.80/10 000-35.31/10 000. 【Conclusion】 The distribution of HBV infection in blood donors has regional characteristics, and HBV prevalence was low in repeated blood donors. HBsAg ELISA combined with HBV DNA detection can better ensure blood safety.
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【Objective】 To analyze the basic characteristics of whole blood donors from blood stations before and after the outbreak of COVID-19. 【Methods】 After excluding invalid data, data related to the basic characteristics of whole blood donors collected from 26 blood stations in China during 2018 to 2021 were statistically analyzed, including the trend of total whole blood donors, the number of repeated blood donors, the frequency of blood donation, the average age of donors and the recruitment of first-time blood donors. 【Results】 Affected by the epidemic, 8 out of 14 indicators were with large variations, accounting for 57%. The overall growth rate of total whole blood donors during the epidemic was higher than before the epidemic (P<0.05).The number of repeated blood donors has shown an increased trend, with a higher number during the epidemic than before (P<0.05). The frequency of blood donation was lower during the epidemic than before(P<0.05).Average ages of blood donors and female blood donors fluctuated widely during the epidemic, both higher than those before the epidemic(P<0.05).The donation rate of first-time blood donors <25 years old and ≥25 years old varied widely and irregularly during the epidemic (both P<0.05). The percentage of first-time blood donors fluctuated irregularly during the epidemic, with overall percentage lower than that before the epidemic(P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Whole blood donors from 26 blood stations increased after the outbreak of COVID-19, and some indicators in certain areas showed significant fluctuations during the epidemic.
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【Objective】 To evaluate and analyze the impact of COVID-19 epidemic on inventory of red blood cells (RBCs)in local and municipal blood stations in China, and to provide reference for the management of public health emergencies. 【Methods】 Relevant data from 2018 to 2021 were collected, and the differences in the volume of qualified RBCs, the usage efficiency of inventory RBCs, the average daily distribution of RBCs,the blood distribution rate of RBCs prepared by 400 mL whole blood, the difference in the average storage days of RBCs at the time of distribution, the average daily inventory of RBCs and the time of the average daily inventory of RBCs to maintain the distribution in 24 local and municipal blood stations in China during the COVID-19 epidemic and non-epidemic periods were retrospectively analyzed. 【Results】 Compared with non-epidemic periods, the volume of qualified RBCs [(117 525.979 ±52 203.175)U] and the average daily distribution of RBCs [( 156. 468 ± 70. 186) U ] increased significantly, but the usage efficiency of inventory RBCs decreased(97.24%±0.51%) significantly (P0.5). 【Conclusion】 During the COVID-19 epidemic, the inventory management of RBCs operated well, the overall inventory remained relatively stable, the stock composition and storage period showed no significant change.
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Objective To investigate the etiology and epidemic characteristics of infectious diarrhea in children in Suzhou, and to provide a basis for accurate prevention and control. Methods Active surveillance of infectious diarrhea pathogens was carried out in a national sentinel surveillance hospital in Suzhou from 2018 to 2020. Epidemiological investigation was completed and stool samples were collected. All samples were detected and classified for 5 viruses and 6 types of bacteria. Results A total of 999 cases of infectious diarrhea were included, the detection rate of pathogen was 36.34%, virus was 31.41%, bacteria was 6.31%, and multi-pathogen mixed infection was 4.8%. The top three pathogens were rotavirus (17.92%), norovirus (12.51%) and Salmonella (3.4%). Both rotavirus diarrhea and norovirus diarrhea occurred most frequently in children aged 7-24 months, with peak incidence in winter and early spring. There was no obvious seasonal and age distribution of bacterial diarrhea. The multi-pathogen mixed infection was mainly virus-virus. G9[P]8 was the dominant genotype of rotavirus, while type 2 was the dominant type of norovirus in the cases of infectious diarrhea. Conclusion Infectious diarrhea in children under 5 years old in Suzhou area from 2018 to 2020 is mainly caused by viruses, among which rotavirus and norovirus are the dominant pathogens. Viral diarrhea has obvious population distribution and seasonal characteristics. The dominant pathogens of bacterial diarrhea are Salmonella and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli.
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【Objective】 To understand the current situation of blood components distribution in domestic prefecture-level blood stations through analyzing the components distribution data of 24 prefecture-level blood stations in China. 【Methods】 The data of components distribution of 24 blood stations from 2017 to 2020 as well as the data of blood deployment of 24 blood stations from 2019 to 2020 were collected and analyzed. 【Results】 From 2017 to 2020, positive annual growth in red blood cells, plasma and cryoprecipitate was observed in 22, 19 and 15 out of the 24 blood stations, and the annual growth median rate of above three components was 5.24%, 3.80% and 3.25%, respectively. Among the 24 prefecture-level blood stations, 23 carried out the preparation of cryoprecipitate. 【Conclusion】 The distribution of red blood cells, cryoprecipitate and plasma in prefecture-level blood stations is increasing year by year. However, there is a overstock of plasma, and most blood stations need blood employment.
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【Objective】 To learn the production efficient of platelet components among prefecture-level blood stations in China, to provide supporting data for those blood stations to optimize the production mode of platelet components and continuously improve production efficiency and supply capacity. 【Methods】 The data from 2017 to 2020 was obtained from 24 prefecture-level blood stations who were the members of the practice comparison network for blood institutes in China. The collection units of apheresis platelets, the number of dual-collections of apheresis platelets and plasma, the average apheresis units of one platelet apheresis procedure, the discarded rate of apheresis platelets, the amount of expired apheresis platelets and the amount of apheresis platelets issued were collected. For concentrated platelets, the prepared amount of platelet concentrates and the amount of expired platelet concentrates were collected; both the quantity of qualified and issued concentrated platelets were submitted for statistical analysis.The total output and efficiency of platelet components were calculated based on the collected data. 【Results】 The average annual growth rate of apheresis platelets collection in 24 prefecture-level blood stations was 12.23%, accounting for 99.80% of the total platelet output; the average collection unit of one platelets apheresis procedure was 1.75; from 2019 to 2020, only 5 blood stations performed dual-collection of platelet and plasma during one apheresis procedure; the discarded rate of apheresis platelets was 0.28%, of which 0.007% was due to expiration. A total of 1 621.2 therapeutic units of concentrated platelets were prepared, and 13.03% of them was discarded due to the expiration. The production efficiency of platelet components was 97.56%, of which the production efficiency of apheresis platelets was 97.61% and the production efficiency of concentrated platelets was 74.43%. 【Conclusion】 There are large regional differences in the supply capacity of platelet components in prefecture-level blood stations. Apheresis platelets are the main resource of platelet components product, and the collection capacity is increasing over the years with the characteristics of high production efficiency and low expiration scrapping rate. However, the preparation of concentrated platelets are still limited with relatively low production and high expiration discarded rate.
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OBJECTIVE Forsythiae Fructus (Lianqiao) is a typical heat-clearing and detoxicating traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herb, which has been traditionally used for treating cancer according to TCM theory. However, the under?lying mechanism has not been fully explained. METHODS In this study, we investigated the antitumor effect of Forsyth?iae Fructus aqueous extract (FAE) on B16-F10 melanoma. RESULTS FAE strongly inhibited the tumor growth and metastasis formation in B16-F10 melanoma transplanted mice. The survival time of tumor-bearing mice was also signifi?cantly prolonged by FAE. The levels of ROS, MDA, TNF-α and IL-6 decreased, while GSH increased in the FAE treat?ment group, indicating FAE possesses strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that antioxidant proteins Nrf2 and HO-1, tumor suppressors P53 and p-PTEN, and the MAPK pathways in tumor tissues were upregulated by FAE treatment. Serum metabolomics analysis further uncovered that 17 metabolites mostly involving in glycerophospholipid metabolism were correlated with the antitumor effect of FAE. Notably, several lysophosphatidylcholines (LysoPCs) significantly decreased in tumor model group, while FAE treatment restored the changes of these phospholipids to about normal condition. LysoPC acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) and autotaxin (ATX) highly expressed in melanoma and markedly downregulated by FAE were believed to be responsible for this modulation. CONCLUSION FAE exhibites strong antitumor activity against B16-F10 melanoma through activating MAPKs/Nrf2/HO-1 mediated anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation and modulating glycerophospholipid metabolism via downregulating LPCAT1 and ATX. Besides, it is suggested that serum LysoPCs could be potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prog?nosis of melanoma.
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Objective To systematically review the effects of different delivery routes of oxytocin in preventing hemorrhage after cesarean section.Methods Databases including PubMed,Medline,Embase,Cochrane library,Wanfang Medical Database,China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI),VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals were searched by computers and Conference papers were manually searched.The randomized,controlled clinical trials of oxytocin given by intramuscular injection,intravenous injection or intravenous infusion were included in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia.The quality of included literatures was evaluated by Cochrane systematic evaluation.The primary outcome measure was intraoperative amount of blood loss or change in Hb before and after operation.The secondary outcome measures were changes in blood pressure and heart rate,electrocardiogram,uterine contraction and other adverse reactions after using oxytocin.Results Seven studies involving 2 325 patients were included in this meta-analysis.Among the 2 325 patients,oxytocin was given through intramuscular injection in 79 cases,by intravenous injection in 1 147 cases and in the way of intravenous infusion in 1 099 cases.Compared with intramuscular injection group or intravenous infusion group,no significant change was found in the amount of blood loss during operation in intravenous injection group (P＞0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the amount of blood loss during operation between intravenous injection group and intravenous infusion group (P＞0.05).Intravenously infusing oxytocin produced less effect on the mean arterial pressure and heart rate than intravenously injecting oxytocin (P＜0.01).Conclusion Intravenous infusion is a suitable route for oxytocin delivery in cesarean section with spinal anesthesia.
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Objective To investigate the expression of neural-nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in renal clear cell carcinoma and its clinical significance.Methods The expression of nNOS mRNA in 533 samples of TCGA database was analyzed with Student t test,and statistical analysis was performed to assess the relationship between nNOS expression and clinical prognosis with Kapla-Meier test.Western blot analysis of nNOS protein expression in 10 cases of clear cell renal cell carcinoma(ccRCC) from department of urology of Wuhan union hospital with student t test.Results The mRNA levels of nNOS in 72 cases of ccRCC in tumor tissues and adjacent tissues and were 2.99 ± 0.28 and-1.57 ± 0.17,it is significantly lower than those in adjacent tissues (P ＜ 0.01).The mRNA levels of nNOS in 533 cases of ccRCC,in tumor tissues and adjacent tissues and were 2.99 ± 0.28 and-1.76 ± 0.05,it is significantly lower than those in adjacent tissues (P ＜ 0.01).A total of 533 sample studies showed a low correlation between nNOS expression and clinical T stage,T1-1.59 ±0.08,T2-1.96 ±0.13,T3-1.90 ±0.09,T4-2.38 ±0.28 (P =0.0029) and -1.63 ±0.06 and-2.16 ± 0.13 between non-metastasis and no-metastasis (P =0.0009),and-1.57 ± 0.08 and-2.03 ± 0.11 between non-recurrence and recurrence (P =0.008).Survival analysis showed that the overall survival time were (40.3 ± 5.6) months and (48.3 ± 5.7) months in lower and higher nNOS expression,and disease free survival time were (37.1 ± 2.1) months and (40.3 ± 5.6) months in lower and higher nNOS expression,both with shorter time in low expression of nNOS (P ＜ 0.01).nNOS proteins were 1.02 ± 0.16 and 0.61 ± 0.1 1 in tumor tissues and adjacent tissues with significantly lower expression(P＜0.05).Conclusions The mRNA and protein of nNOS are lower in ccRCC with a poor prognosis of ccRCC.
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Objective:To establish a surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy ( SERS) technique for the determination of atropine sulfate. Methods:The Raman peaks of atropine sulfate molecules were classified by theoretical calculations and experimental tests, and the 1002 cm-1 Raman peaks were selected as the characteristic peaks for the quantitative analysis. Results:The detection limit of atropine sulfate in aqueous solution was below 0. 5 μg·ml-1 . The relationship between the intensity of characteristic peaks at 1002 cm-1 and the concentration of aqueous solution was linear within the range of 1-8 μg ml-1 with the linear correlation coefficient r of 0. 9839. The recovery rates of 2, 5 and 7μg ml-1 were measured, which were 97. 1%-109. 8%. The average recovery was 103. 3%, and the RSD was 4. 5% (n=9). At the same time, the stability of the method among the batches was tested, and the relative standard deviation was 5. 7 %. In addition, the atractylodes rhizome samples containing atropine sulfate were detected,and the characteristic peaks still could be detected at 1002 cm-1 . Conclusion:The method is rapid, accurate and nondestructive with easy operation, which can be used for the detection of atropine sulfate.
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Objective To investigate the clinical effect of different doses of levothyroxine in treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism and its effect on blood lipid level.Methods 98 cases of subclinical hypothyroidism elderly patients accepted in our hospital from March 2013 to May 2016 were divided into group A and B with 49 patients in each.The two groups were treated with different doses of levothyroxine treatment for 6 months.Then the clinical efficacy,thyroid function,blood lipid levels and adverse reactions of two groups were compared.Results The cure rate and total effective rate of group A were 59.18％ and 87.76％ respectively.The cure rate and total effective rate of group B were 61.22％ and 91.84％ respectively.There was no significant differencebetween two groups.After treatment,thethyroid function and blood lipid levels of two groups were better than before treatment.After 4 weeks of treatment,the thyroid function and blood lipid level in group B were better than those in group A (P ＜0.05).There was no significant difference in thyroid function and blood lipid between the two groups after 12 weeks of treatment.The incidence of total adverse reactions in group A was 4.08％,which was significantly lower than that in group B (16.33％),the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Different doses of levothyroxine in the treatment ofsubclinical hypothyroidism were similar,and the thyroid function and blood lipids levels were improved after treatment,but the adverse reaction rate of low dose group was less.
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Objective To investigate the clinical effect of different doses of levothyroxine in treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism and its effect on blood lipid level.Methods 98 cases of subclinical hypothyroidism elderly patients accepted in our hospital from March 2013 to May 2016 were divided into group A and B with 49 patients in each.The two groups were treated with different doses of levothyroxine treatment for 6 months.Then the clinical efficacy,thyroid function,blood lipid levels and adverse reactions of two groups were compared.Results The cure rate and total effective rate of group A were 59.18％ and 87.76％ respectively.The cure rate and total effective rate of group B were 61.22％ and 91.84％ respectively.There was no significant differencebetween two groups.After treatment,thethyroid function and blood lipid levels of two groups were better than before treatment.After 4 weeks of treatment,the thyroid function and blood lipid level in group B were better than those in group A (P ＜0.05).There was no significant difference in thyroid function and blood lipid between the two groups after 12 weeks of treatment.The incidence of total adverse reactions in group A was 4.08％,which was significantly lower than that in group B (16.33％),the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Different doses of levothyroxine in the treatment ofsubclinical hypothyroidism were similar,and the thyroid function and blood lipids levels were improved after treatment,but the adverse reaction rate of low dose group was less.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of anticoagulation(AC) and its combination with catheter-directed thrombolysis(CDT) for deep venous thrombosis of lower extremities.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and thirty-nine patients with deep venous thrombosis of early lower extremities treated in our hospital from May 2011 to September 2013 were selected and randomly divided into the AC group(n= 66) and CDT+AC group(n= 73). The thrombolytic effects, adverse reactions, post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) and quality of life were evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were no serious adverse events during treatment and after treatment in the 2 groups. Hematomas in 2 cases and gross hematuria in 3 cases were observed in the CDT+AC group. The gums bleed or gross hematuria in 3 cases were observed in the AC group. Compared with the AC group, the number of grade I thrombolysis in CDT+AC group decreased significantly (60.61% vs 9.59%)(P< 0.05), and the number of grade III thrombolysis increased significantly(7.57% vs 49.31%)(P< 0.05). During follow-up, the incidence of PTS in both groups showed increase year by year, and none of the patients had severe PTS. The incidence PTS in CDT+AC group at 12 months and 18 months were lower than those of AC group(17.81% vs 33.33%, 24.66% vs 43.94%)(P< 0.05). Compared with the AC group, the scores of physiological role and vitality in CDT+AC group at 6 months, 12 months and 18 months were higher (P< 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Catheter-directed thrombolysis combined with AC therapy can promote the mitigation of clinical symptoms in patients with DVT of lower extremities and is beneficial to promoting the life quality of patients.</p>
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Objective To investigate the incidence rate and assess the disease burden of respiratory illness associated with influenza among pregnant women in Suzhou , China. Methods As a subproject of“The Sino-US Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases Program”,pregnant women were recruited in-to the cohort since October , 2015 and follow-ups were carried out .Throat swab for influenza was taken for laboratory test when the pregnant women got influenza-like symptoms . Results In total 4438 pregnant women recruit up to 24th July 2016, among which1 539 are early-pregnancy, middle-pregnancy accounted 2 174 and late-pregnancy took 726.Lost to follow-up rate was 5.5%.And 995 cases of throat swabs was taken and tested (80.83%), of which 68 cases were positive (6.8%).The incidence density was 0.08 per hundred person-weeks . Conclusion This prospective cohort study took laboratory test of influenza virus to investigate the incidence rate of respiratory illness associated with influenza among pregnant women can provide credible data about the incidence of influenza .To a certain extent , this study makes up the blank of such research .
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the oldly people's hearing screening and dynamic monitoring mode, and to discuss the new diseases and health management mode in current information network era.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>To establish the network connection between the hospital and the communities in the internet through the function expansion of the Hospital Information Systems and to realize "dual systems, double platforms" integrated management modes and establish the audiology workstation. The routine physical examination, pure tone hearing threshold tests and middle ear analysis were performed on four hundred and twenty elderly people from the fourteen communities every three months, and the changes of hearing and related symptoms were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Resources sharing was established between the hospital and these fourteen communities. Health records were established for all the aged people, the hearing screening lasted only half a day each time. Fourteen hearing loss cases were found during one year. A statistically significant difference (P < 0.01) were found, the ratio of hearing loss with diabetes, high blood pressure and other diseases were much higher than people without concomitant.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The advantage of disease management mode under the Hospital Information System is convenient, the work efficiency and qualities are improved, which is worthy of popularizing.</p>
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Audiometry, Pure-Tone , Deafness , Diagnosis , Hearing Tests , Hospital Information SystemsABSTRACT
Natural product is an important source of new drug research and development (R&D). Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) innovation is the key step for its modernization and internationalization. However, due to the complexity of TCM, there are many difficulties and confusions in this process. Target-based drug discovery is the mainstream model and method of R&D. TTD, short for therapeutic target database, is developed by National University of Singapore. Besides a large amount of information on drug targets, the database also contains considerable information related to natural products. This paper briefly introduces the TTD, analyzes the natural products derived drugs/compounds recorded in TTD, which we think might provide some inspiration for the innovation of TCM.
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Databases, Factual , Drug Delivery Systems , Drug Discovery , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , SingaporeABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effectiveness of the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) preparation in treating simian acquired immune deficiency syndrome (SAIDS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Five female adult Chinese rhesus monkeys were inoculated rectally with SIVmac239, and were all diagnosed as SAIDS by laboratory and clinical examinations 17 months later. Of these 5 monkeys, 3 (#393, #374, and #381; treatment group) were orally administered with Ganoderma lucidum (2 spores powder capsules plus 2 spores oil capsules on a daily basis), and the remaining other two monkeys (#348 and #361) served as control and did not receive treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Animal #393 (treatment group), #361 (control group) and #348 (control group) died of SAIDS (opportunity infection) 3.5 months, 6 months, and 11 months later, respectively. Two animals (#374 and #381) survived. The necropsy revealed depletion and/or exhaustion of their lymphoid tissue. In the monkey #374, the peripheral CD4(+) T lymphocyte increased by 30% in the 6(th) month compared with the baseline level and then fluctuated. The plasma viral load gradually fell and reached about 1 log(10) in the treatment group, but remained stable in the control group. As shown by pathological examinations, the lymph node and spleen of monkeys #374 (treatment group) and #381 (treatment group) showed rehabilitation and reconstruction in the lymphatic tissue, thymus, nerve tissue of gyrus hippocampi, pituitary gland, pineal body, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and ovary. In the control group, however, animals experienced depletion of lymph nodes, atrophy of spleen, disappearance of thymus, and other disorders in endocrine organs.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Ganoderma lucidum preparation may have certain protective effect on the immune system, nervous system, and endocrine system of monkeys with SAIDS.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Disease Models, Animal , Macaca mulatta , Materia Medica , Therapeutic Uses , Reishi , Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Drug Therapy , Allergy and Immunology , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the infectivity and virulence variation caused by mutations in the 5' untranslated region(5'UTR)pyrimidine-rich tract of coxsackievirus B1(CVB1)genome.Methods Five pyrimidines in the 5'UTR pyrimidine-rich tract(nt563-nt573)of CVB1 genome were substituted with purines by site-directed mutagenesis.The mutant,CVB1/m563-573,was purified by plaque assay,and subjected to infectivity and virulence assessments by means of cytopathic effect(CPE),plaque forming,one-step growth curve,and 50% lethal dose(LD50)assays.Results Sequencing data revealed that the sequence of pyrimidine-rich tract in the 5'UTR of CVB1/m563-573 mutant was exactly identical to our design(C565A,U567C,U568A,U570A,and U572G).CPE assay showed that the infectivity of CVB1/m563-573 was weaker than that of its prototype CVB1/wt(A490=0.710±0.074,0.812±0.092)though no significant difference could be observed(t=-2.204,P>0.05).Plaque forming assay showed that the plaque quantities of CVB1/m563-573 were(6.40±1.52)×103,(11.60±2.19)×103 pfu/L and the plaque diameters of CVB1/m563-573 were(2.00±0.35),(2.47±0.41)mm at 46 and 58 hours pestinfection,respectively.The plaque quantities of CVB1/wt were(8.40±2.51)×103,(11.80±1.92)×103 pfu/L and the plaque diameters of CVB1/wt were(1.80±0.27),(2.85±0.44)mm,respectively.There was no significant difference between the plaque quantities and sizes of CVB1/m563-573 and CVB1/wt(t=8.000,0.985,10.000,9.000,all P>0.05).One-step growth curve demonstrated that the numbers(lg)of CVB1/m563-573 progenies at time-points of 3,5,7 h postinfection were 2.10±0.09,4.28±0.03,7.44±0 and that of CVB1/wt progenies were 2.80±0.02,4.77±0.02,8.55±0.01,respectively.The replication of CVB1/m563-573 was significantly slower than that of CVB1/wt at all three time-points(t=-13.151,-24.319,-47.714,all P<0.01).The LD50 of CVB1/m563-573(3.10×109 pfu/L)and CVB1/wt(1.26×107 pfu/L)indicated that the virulence of CVB1/m563-573 was significantly weakened compared to that of CVB1/wt.Conclusions The infectivity and virulence of CVB1 are weakened by substitution of pyrimidines with purines in the pyrimidine-rich tract of CVB1 5'UTR.Site-directed mutagenesis in the pyrimidine-rich tract may be a strategy for developing attenuated CVB vaccine.